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Sunday 1 May 2016

Applications of Biotechnology in Forestry and Horticulture

Format : ebook

Applications of Biotechnology in Forestry and Horticulture (häftad)

Major and exciting changes have taken place recently in various aspects of bio- technology and its applications to forestry. Even more exciting is the prospect of major innovations that the entire field of biotechnology holds for plant growth in general. The importance of these developments for the forestry sector is considerable, particu- larly since forestry science has not received the kinds of technical and R&D inputs that, say, agriculture has received in the past few decades. Y ct the problems of defor- estation as well as stagnation in yields and productivity of existing forests throughout the world are becoming increasingly apparent, with consequences and ecological ef- fects that cause growing worldwide concern. Policies for application of existing knowl- edge in biotechnology to the field of forestry and priorities for future research and development are, therefore, of considerable value, because it is only through the adop- tion of the right priorities and enlightened policies that scientific developments will move along the right direction, leading to improvements in forestry practices through- out the world. It was against this backdrop that the Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI) or- ganised a major international workshop on the "Applications of Biotechnology in For- estry and Horticulture" at New Delhi in January 1988. The present volume covers the proceedings of this international workshop.


For further details log on website:

http://www.bokus.com/bok/9781468413236/applications-of-biotechnology-in-forestry-and-horticulture/

The role of biotechnology in forest genetic resource conservation

By M. Toribio, C. Celestino

Abstract

In today’s world, in which the increasing demand of agricultural products and the changing needs of raw materials and environmental pressures are threatening all natural ecosystems, particularly the forest ecosystems, is specially important the knowledge and conservation of forest resources. Biotechnology offers new tools for complementing classical Forest Tree Improvement methodologies in order to manage Forest Genetic Resources (FGR). The impressive achievements of the techniques of Molecular Biology and Plant Tissue Culture in the last two decades are in the background of the development of fields such as DNA markers, tree genomics, genetic transformation, criopreservation and plant regeneration (expression of cellular totipotency). Particularly suitable for application to genetic resources are DNA markers, so that the nature, extent and distribution of natural variability of plant species can be assessed at the genome level, and therefore aiding in decisions about what and how to conserve. Criopreservation and plant regeneration are useful to conserve and micropropagate specific plant material for ex situ conservation and developing high-value clonal forestry. Different applications of these tools to forest trees are reviewed. The research work of Spanish groups dealing with Iberian species is placed in this context.

Keywords 

Biotechnology; Germplasm Conservation; Genetic markers.


Full Text:

PDF (ESPAÑOL)

Webpage: www.inia.es/Forestsystems

For further details log on website:

http://revistas.inia.es/index.php/fs/article/view/707

Baby Development & Clapping

As your baby begins to grow and develop, you'll marvel at all the new things he's able to do. One of the most significant milestones you'll notice is his ability to clap his hands. Clapping hands is actually the culmination of his constant development and understanding of his body, and the mastering of his new trick should be viewed as a significant accomplishment.
Baby Development & Clapping
Most babies learn to clap without understanding its true meaning. Photo Credit Tammy Bryngelson/iStock/Getty Images.

Hand Development in Babies

When your baby is born, her hands are virtually useless to her. She usually keeps her hands closed and isn't capable of holding anything yet. Around the time she's 3 months, she starts to understand that her hands are part of her body and that she can control the items that are placed in her hands. When she's 5 or 6 months, she makes a huge breakthrough by realizing that she can pass things from one hand to the other. This realization is a crucial development in learning how to clap.

First Claps

Your baby might be able to clap his hands as early as 6 months old. It might not be a loud clap, and his hands might not even touch each other, but the motion of him bringing his two hands together is undeniable. By 9 months, most babies are able to clap; however, if your baby isn't clapping yet, it's not a serious cause for alarm.

Significance of Clapping

Your baby's clapping illustrates her development in so many different ways. It shows that she knows her hands can be used together to achieve one goal. It also shows that she has the vision skills to see what her hands are capable of. Lastly, clapping shows that she has the motor skills to successfully bring her hands together on demand.

Encouraging Clapping

It's likely that your baby would never show any interest in clapping if he didn't see other people clap. You can encourage him to clap by communicating to him as much as you can, particularly when it comes to celebrating his achievements and good behavior. Clapping for him gives him plenty of incentive to practice clapping on his own. The more he claps, the better his skills will develop, both in terms of clapping and in his general motor skills.

Putting it All Together

Most babies begin to clap because it's something new to do, not because they understand that it's an expression of joy. By the time she's a year, she'll learn that clapping does have a meaning, and she'll clap whenever she becomes happy. When your baby greets you by smiling and clapping, it not only means she's happy to see you, but also that she's developing very well and has made huge strides physically and mentally.
www.livestrong.com

INTERCROPPING

Intercropping is a multiple cropping practice involving growing two or more crops in proximity. The most common goal of intercropping is to produce a greater yield on a given piece of land by making use of resources that would otherwise not be utilized by a single crop. Careful planning is required, taking into account the soil, climate, crops, and varietis. It is particularly important not to have crops competing with each other for physical space, nutrients, water, or sunlight. Examples of intercropping strategies are planting a deep-rooted crop with a shallow-rooted crop, or planting a tall crop with a shorter crop that requires partial shade. Inga alley cropping has been proposed as an alternative to the ecological destruction of slash-and-burn farming.
When crops are carefully selected, other agronomic benefits are also achieved. Lodging-prone plants, those that are prone to tip over in wind or heavy rain, may be given structural support by their companion crop. Creepers can also benefit from structural support. Some plants are used to suppress weeds or provide nutrients. Delicate or light-sensitive plants may be given shade or protection, or otherwise wasted space can be utilized. An example is the tropical multi-tier system where coconut occupies the upper tier, banana the middle tier, and pineapple, ginger, or leguminous fodder, medicinal or aromatic plants occupy the lowest tier.
Intercropping of compatible plants also encourages biodiversity, by providing a habitat for a variety of insects and soil organisms that would not be present in a single-crop environment. This in turn can help limit outbreaks of crop pests by increasing predator biodiversity. Additionally, reducing the homogeneity of the crop increases the barriers against biological dispersal of pest organisms through the crop.
The degree of spatial and temporal overlap in the two crops can vary somewhat, but both requirements must be met for a cropping system to be an intercrop. Numerous types of intercropping, all of which vary the temporal and spatial mixture to some degree, have been identified. These are some of the more significant types:
Chili pepper intercropped with coffee in Colombia's southwestern Cauca Department.
  • Mixed intercropping, as the name implies, is the most basic form in which the component crops are totally mixed in the available space.
  • Row cropping involves the component crops arranged in alternate rows. Variations include alley cropping, where crops are grown in between rows of trees, and strip cropping, where multiple rows, or a strip, of one crop are alternated with multiple rows of another crop. A new version of this is to intercrop rows of solar photovoltaic modules with agriculture crops. This practice is called agrivoltaics.
  • Temporal intercropping uses the practice of sowing a fast-growing crop with a slow-growing crop, so that the fast-growing crop is harvested before the slow-growing crop starts to mature.
  • Further temporal separation is found in relay cropping, where the second crop is sown during the growth, often near the onset of reproductive development or fruiting, of the first crop, so that the first crop is harvested to make room for the full development of the second.

Coconut and Tagetes erecta, a multilayer cropping in India.

References

  1. ^ Ouma, George; Jeruto, P (2010). "Sustainable horticultural crop production through intercropping: The case of fruits and vegetable crops: A review" (PDF)Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America 1 (5): 1098–1105.
  2. ^ Elkan, Daniel. Slash-and-burn farming has become a major threat to the world's rainforest The Guardian. 21 April 2004
  3. ^ Trenbath, B.R. 1976. Plant interactions in mixed cropping communities. pp. 129–169 in R.I. Papendick, A. Sanchez, G.B. Triplett (Eds.), Multiple Cropping. ASA Special Publication 27. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.
  4. ^ Mt. Pleasant, Jane (2006). "The science behind the Three Sisters mound system: An agronomic assessment of an indigenous agricultural system in the northeast". In John E. Staller, Robert H. Tykot, and Bruce F. Benz. Histories of maize: Multidisciplinary approaches to the prehistory, linguistics, biogeography, domestication, and evolution of maize. Amsterdam. pp. 529–537.
  5. ^ Miguel Angel Altieri; Clara Ines Nicholls (2004). Biodiversity and Pest Management in Agroecosystems, Second Edition. Psychology Press.
  6. ^ Andrews, D.J., A.H. Kassam. 1976. The importance of multiple cropping in increasing world food supplies. pp. 1–10 in R.I. Papendick, A. Sanchez, G.B. Triplett (Eds.), Multiple Cropping. ASA Special Publication 27. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.
  7. ^ Lithourgidis, A.S.; Dordas, C.A.; Damalas, C.A.; Vlachostergios, D.N. (2011). "Annual intercrops: an alternative pathway for sustainable agriculture" (PDF)Australian Journal of Crop Science 5 (4): 396–410.
  8. ^ Dinesh, Harshavardhan; Pearce, Joshua M. (2016-02-01). "The potential of agrivoltaic systems". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 54: 299–308. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.024.
  9. ^ Improving nutrition through home gardenin,, Home Garden Technology Leaflet 13: Multilayer cropping, FAO, 2001

External Links

  • Intercropping at Washington State University

Wikipedia 

Benefits of Eating a Bigger Breakfast

Benefits of Eating a Bigger Breakfast
Fruit should have a starring role in your morning meal. Photo Credit Demid Borodin/iStock/Getty Images
Give breakfast more than just a passing thought. It's the only way to refuel your energy stores after a night spent sleeping, and skipping breakfast can take a toll on your overall energy level, and your health. Take heart that eating a bigger breakfast won't automatically cause you to gain weight, and in fact, the opposite might be true. That same big breakfast sets the stage for making healthy food choices for the rest of the day, too. The trick is choosing the right foods to include in your big breakfast.

Curbs Cravings and Encourages Weight Loss

Benefits of Eating a Bigger Breakfast
Eating breakfast will make you feel full and not snack before lunch. Photo Credit ariwasabi/iStock/Getty Images
A big breakfast can help satisfy your hunger and keep you feeling full for the whole morning. If you do this every day, you'll probably end up consuming fewer calories, which can translate to weight loss. This occurs because your stomach stays full so you're not tempted to eat high calorie snacks to keep you satisfied until lunch time. In fact, according to a 2005 article published in "The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition," women who skip breakfast tend to weigh more than their breakfast-eating counterparts.

Keeps the Doctor Away

Benefits of Eating a Bigger Breakfast
Fruits and whole grains are a great way to start your day. Photo Credit Wavebreakmedia Ltd/Wavebreak Media/Getty Images
Filling up on a big breakfast might just keep the doctor away. According to a 2011 article published in "Nutrition Research and Practice," people who eat breakfast on a regular basis tend to eat a healthier diet overall. That means eating breakfast encourages people to also eat healthy foods, such as fruits, vegetables, lean meat and whole grains, throughout the rest of the day. People who skip breakfast tend to take in fewer essential nutrients, such as fiber, calcium and potassium, the same article notes. Nutritional deficiencies can increase the risk of certain health problems, such as osteoporosis in the case of low calcium intake.

Big Needn't Mean Bad

Benefits of Eating a Bigger Breakfast
Avoid food that are loaded with sugar. Photo Credit Digital Vision/Digital Vision/Getty Images
The fact that eating a big breakfast can have positive effects on your health doesn't give you license to abandon healthy eating principles and eat whatever you want. If you eat a big breakfast that consists of bacon, sausage, fried eggs and fried potatoes, you'll probably feel full for several hours, but you'll also consume too much saturated fat and sodium for the meal to be considered healthy. The same goes for a big breakfast that includes donuts or other pastries. While these can satisfy your sweet tooth, they are also loaded with sugar, which isn't a healthy way to start the day.

A Better Big Breakfast

Benefits of Eating a Bigger Breakfast
Choose foods like whole-wheat toast over white toast. Photo Credit LuckyToBeThere/iStock/Getty Images
Build a big breakfast around nutrient-dense foods to get the most benefit from eating a morning meal. The American Heart Association recommends eating whole grains, such as whole-wheat toast or a whole grain bagel, in place of white bread or white bagels. Add fresh fruit and a glass of fruit juice to increase the nutritional value of your morning meal even more. Whole grain cereal, low-fat yogurt, scrambled egg whites and lean meat, such as white-meat chicken, are each part of a well-balanced and nutritious breakfast, as well.
www.livestrong.com

Twister Jewelry Box Download

THE WOODWORKING DESIGN COLLECTION - ORDER NOW !

Format: Download 


Use this easy to make band-sawed box to store jewelry or other little trinkets. The inside surfaces of all the drawers are lined to keep your precious items safe, and you can make this box with the material of your choice. The box on the cover was made with mahogany, but it would look great in any hardwood.

For further details log on website:

http://www.shopwoodworking.com/twister-box-download?source=igodigital

Box Builder's Handbook (Digital Download)

THE WOODWORKING DESIGN COLLECTION - ORDER NOW !

Essential Techniques with 21 Step-by-Step Projects

By A.J. Hamler



Format: eBook 
Boxes are a part of our daily lives. Some are purely functional and others are purely decorative. They come in all shapes and sizes: square, round, long, tall, turned or bandsawn. In the Box Builder's Handbook, some of the projects are used as introductions to specific box styles, while others are stand-alone projects. Hamler offers tips and suggestions on how to use the project as a springboard to make additional boxes of this type. Follow the step-by-step instructions and diagrams to build the box of your choice, or build them all, learning a new skill with each new project.

For further details log on website:

http://www.shopwoodworking.com/box-builders-handbook-x3300?source=igodigital

Box by Box (Digital Download)

THE WOODWORKING DESIGN COLLECTION - ORDER NOW !

21 Projects for Developing Your Woodworking Skills

By Jim Stack



Format: eBook 
Boxes make great woodworking projects. They use a minimal amount of materials, provide a great opportunity to use scraps or special pieces of wood you've been hoarding. Whatever the material, you'll want to select the right design to compliment it. You also need a design that suits your particular tools and abilities. In Box by Box, Jim Stack offers plans for twenty-one boxes, with with step-by-step instructions for making them. They range from lovely, simple creations that a novice can make with just a few hand tools, all the way through designs with drawers and dovetail joinery that will provide experienced woodworkers with an exciting challenge.

Regardless of your woodworking experience, building these boxes will provide a world of fun and the opportunity to develop lots of new skills. In the process, you'll become a better woodworker'bit by bit, and box by box.

For further information log on website:

http://www.shopwoodworking.com/box-by-box-w3221?source=igodigital

Biotechnology in Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding

Duration: 2004-2009   Keywords: applications in forest tree breeding, biotechnology, cryopreservation, genetic modification, lignin biosynthesis, tissue culture, vegetative propagation
Research project group: Distinct projects 1 - Structure and function of forest ecosystems

Objectives

The general aim of the research project is to develop and apply biotechnological methods as a part of forest genetics and tree breeding research. Both perspectives, basic research orientated attempt to understand physiological and genetic phenomena as well as development of practical applications, are considered equally important. Individual research topics fall into different areas of tree biotechnology: vegetative propagation and cryopreservation, genetic modification, and applications of marker techniques. The importance of vegetative propagation and cryopreservation is emphasized, because in these areas practical applications are most urgently needed in tree breeding programmes and operational forestry. Genetic modification is used as a research tool, and experience accumulated for evaluating the benefits and risks of potential future applications of this technique in forestry. Marker techniques are used in integrative way within the other research topics, and especially for studying genetic fidelity of vegetatively propagated and cryostored tree individuals.

Within vegetative propagation and cryopreservation studies, the most important goal is to investigate the effects of the techniques used on the genomes of the target trees – well-conserved genetic fidelity is one prerequisite for any practical applications. Another research topic is physiological ageing of trees that limits potentials of vegetative propagation especially in conifers. At the same time, the propagation and preservation techniques developed are adjusted to better meet the demands of practical breeding.

Lignin biosynthesis, more specifically the function and regulation of some precursor genes, is studied in silver birch using genetic modification. The growth and wood characteristics of the transgenic birch lines are determined, and more over, the ecological interactions between lignin-modified trees and other species, such as insect herbivores and mycorrhizas, are studied in order to get information for general and scientific discussions on gm-trees. 


Results

Vitrification successfully used for the first time in cryopreservation of silver birch 

Cryopreservation is a modern technique used for the conservation of forest genetic resources. No expensive equipment or programming of slow cooling is needed, because vitrification is based on cryoprotective chemical treatment of samples. The method has now been used successfully for the first time with silver birch (Betula pendula Roth). Vitrification, just like traditional cryopreservation, refers to immersion of samples in liquid nitrogen at -196°C. For birch, vitrification is applicable for cryopreservation of tissue cultured material. In order to keep the cells alive during vitrification, it is essential that the formation of ice crystals within the cells is prevented. In traditional cryopreservation methods, cells are dehydrated, which causes extracellular crystallization during the slow cooling process from 4°C to -38°C. When samples – in this case, axillary buds - were processed with vitrification, they survived the transition from 4°C directly to liquid nitrogen. The highly concentrated solutions of cryoprotective agents used in vitrification prevent the crystallization of ice in the extracellular domain and both intra- and extracellular liquids remain vitreous during the freezing and cryostorage. When the results were studied at the molecular level, no signs of genetic effects were observed when DNA-markers of the birch plants regenerated after vitrification were compared to their donor trees. Vitrification is an equally efficient cryopreservation method as the traditional cryopreservation: the average recovery of the studied samples was 71%. As for equipment requirements, vitrification facilitates cryopreservation of silver birch even in smaller tissue culture laboratories.

Cloning by tissue culture does not affect genome of silver birch

Clonal trueness of micropropagated or cryopreserved material is essential for any application, especially with long-living tree species. In this project, the growth rate and morphology of regenerated silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) plants growing in the nursery were evaluated after different treatments: short-term and long-term tissue culture periods, cryostorage of in vivo buds and cryopreservation of in vitro shoot apices using four different slow-cooling cryopreservation protocols with PGD as cryoprotectant. Genetic fidelity of the regenerated plants compared to the original donor trees was evaluated using RAPD assays together with chromosome analysis. The regenerated plants showed no genetic or phenotypic changes, and can thus be considered as reliable material for any research, breeding or silvicultural activities. 


Cloning of leaf-variegated birches for landscaping

Two naturally-occurring forms of birch (Betula pendula Roth), “golden-veined” birch (GV) and “white-flecked” birch (WF) were studied for their suitability to vegetative propagation and cryopreservation. The forms are characterized by specific leaf colourations, and could provide good material for ornamental and landscaping purposes in severe northern climate. Cloning of the WF birch was proven to be easy by micropropagation even after cryopreservation. After two years from grafting, more than 90 percent of the grafts were alive. Correspondingly, the micropropagation success percentage of GV birch was less than ten and the survival percentage of the grafts was approximately 50. The leaf colouration, which had been assumed to be inheritable, was lacking in the micropropagated progenies. Only the leaves of the oldest branches of the WF birch grafts showed white-fleckedness. The reason was found in the donor trees. It is typical for a WF donor birch to have strong year-to-year variation in foliar colouration, and the fleckedness is not expressed in the newest leaves of the current year’s growth. The amount of white-fleckedness in the donor tree was shown to be associated with growth conditions, dry conditions increasing the fleckedness. White-fleckedness in the older tree parts is explained by chlorophyll deficiency. The results indicate that when the cloned WF birches, either grafts or micropropagated plants age, they express more flecked leaf colouration. They are well suitable for landscaping. The GV donor birch did not show corresponding year-to-year variation in leaf colouration. The reason for the gold-coloured veins is so far unknown. To facilitate the use of the GV birch for decorative purposes, further studies will be needed to find the factor controlling leaf colouration and establish its usefulness.

Lignin modified silver birches and their ecological interactions 

Transgenic silver birch lines were produced in order to modify lignin biosynthesis. The 35S- and UbB1-PtCOMT genes were transferred by the biolistic bombardment into silver birch, Betula pendula Roth, and the effects on syringyl (S) lignin unit synthesis were investigated. The transgenes were stably integrated into the B. pendulagenomes, and their variable expression was observed. In 35S-PtCOMT lines, a reduced syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) ratio and incorporation of abnormal 5-OH-G units into lignin were found apparently due to the RNA interference (RNAi)-based suppression of the COMT gene leading to reduced S lignin content in stems, leaves and roots. This work supports the essential role of COMT for S unit synthesis and the current view on the lignin biosynthesis in woody angiosperms. The unchanged morphology and growth characteristics of the 35S-PtCOMT modified B. pendula lines also indicate that plants are able tolerate large variation in the lignin S/G ratio. PtCOMT-promoter-GUS (β-glucuronidase) modified B. pendula lines were produced in order to examine the expression pattern of the PtCOMT gene. The main activity during the growing season was present in the new xylem and lignified phloem fibers. Our results also suggest the role of COMT in tension wood formation but not in response to wounding.

The transgenic birch lines together with the control were used for studying potential effects of lignin-modification on the interactions with insect herbivores. In controlled feeding experiments herbivores common in the boreal environment, i.e. geometrid larvae and the adults of birch leaf-feeding beetles were used. The feeding preferences of these herbivores differed in some cases among the tested birch lines. These differences could not be directly associated to lignin composition, but they might be explained by other than lignin related leaf characteristics, either natural or caused by transgene site effects. Lignin modification did not affect significantly growth performance of lepidopteran larvae. We also investigated the potential effect of the PtCOMT modification on the ectomycorrhiza (ECM) development between Betula pendula and Paxillus involutus in vitro. According to our results, both the non-transgenic controls and PtCOMT modified silver birch lines were able to form ECM with Paxillus involutus. In the development of ECM we observed line-dependent differences, which may possibly be related to the line-specific growth characteristics or decreased S/G ratio of root lignin of individual transgenic line. The beneficial effect of the inoculation on the plant survival, shoot and root growth and the lateral root formation of B. pendula plants were demonstrated. This in vitro study is the first report on the ECM symbiosis between lignin modified trees and mycorrhizal fungus.

Lignin studies are done in collaboration with eg prof. Häggman (Univ. of Oulu), Doc. Niemi (Univ. of Helsinki), prof. Chiang (NCSU, USA) and prof. Tsai (MTU, USA). All the experimental work with genetically modified birches is done under in vitro or controlled greenhouse conditions. 

Project leader: Aronen, Tuija
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Punkaharju Office, Finlandiantie 18, FI-58450 PUNKAHARJU, FINLAND
Phone: +358 29 532 4233
E-mail: tuija.aronen@metla.fi

Other researchers: Pehkonen, Teresa (2005,2008), Ryynänen, Leena (2005-08)

For further information log on website:

http://www.metla.fi/hanke/3389/index-en.htm


VINE

vine (Latin vīnea "grapevine", "vineyard", from vīnum"wine") in the narrowest sense is the grapevine (Vitis), but more generally it can refer to any plant with a growth habit of trailing or scandent (that is, climbing) stems or runners. The word also can refer to such stems or runners themselves, for instance when used in wicker work.
A tendril.
In the United Kingdom, the term "vine" applies almost exclusively to the grapevine. The term "climber" is used for all climbing plants.



Vine twining around a steel fixed ladder.
Growth forms
Certain plants always grow as vines, while a few grow as vines only part of the time. For instance, poison ivy and bittersweet can grow as low shrubs when support is not available, but will become vines when support is available.
Climbing plant covering a chimney.
A vine displays a growth form based on long stems. This has two purposes. A vine may use rock exposures, other plants, or other supports for growth rather than investing energy in a lot of supportive tissue, enabling the plant to reach sunlight with a minimum investment of energy. This has been a highly successful growth form for plants such as kudzu and Japanese honeysuckle, both of which are invasive exotics in parts of North America. There are some tropical vines that develop skototropism, and grow away from the light, a type of negative phototropism. Growth away from light allows the vine to reach a tree trunk, which it can then climb to brighter regions.
The vine growth form may also enable plants to colonize large areas quickly, even without climbing high. This is the case with periwinkle and ground ivy. It is also an adaptation to life in areas where small patches of fertile soil are adjacent to exposed areas with more sunlight but little or no soil. A vine can root in the soil but have most of its leaves in the brighter, exposed area, getting the best of both worlds.
Retaining wall covered by vines.
The evolution of a climbing habit has been implicated as a key innovation associated with the evolutionary success and diversification of a number of taxonomic groups of plants. It has evolved independently in several plant families, using many different climbing methods such as:
  • twining their stems around a support (e.g., morning glories, Ipomoea species).
  • by way of adventitious, clinging roots (e.g., ivy, Hedera species)
  • with twining petioles (e.g., Clematis species)
  • using tendrils, which can be specialized shoots (Vitaceae), leaves (Bignoniaceae), or even inflorescences (Passiflora)
  • using tendrils which also produce adhesive pads at the end that attach themselves quite strongly to the support, (Parthenocissus)
  • using thorns (e.g. climbing rose) or other hooked structures, such as hooked branches (e.g. Artabotrys hexapetalus).
The climbing fetterbush (Pieris phillyreifolia) is a woody shrub-vine which climbs without clinging roots, tendrils, or thorns. It directs its stem into a crevice in the bark of fibrous barked trees (such as bald cypress) where the stem adopts a flattened profile and grows up the tree underneath the host tree's outer bark. The fetterbush then sends out branches that emerge near the top of the tree.
A large vine on the street in Sochi, Russia.
Most vines are flowering plants. These may be divided into woody vines or lianas, such as wisteria, kiwifruit, and common ivy, and herbaceous (nonwoody) vines, such as morning glory.
One odd group of vining plants is the fern genus Lygodium, called climbing ferns. The stem does not climb, but rather the fronds (leaves) do. The fronds unroll from the tip, and theoretically never stop growing; they can form thickets as they unroll over other plants, rockfaces, and fences.
Use as garden plants

Gardeners can use the tendency of climbing plants to grow quickly. If a plant display is wanted quickly, a climber can achieve this. Climbers can be trained over walls,  pergolas, fences, etc. Climbers can be grown over other plants to provide additional attraction. Artificial support can also be provided. Some climbers climb by themselves; others need work, such as tying them in and training them.

Examples


Spring growth of Virginia Creeper.

  • Actinidia arguta, the tara vine
  • Actinidia polygama, the silver vine
  • Adlumia fungosa, the Allegheny vine
  • Aeschynanthus radicans, the lipstick vine
  • Akebia, the chocolate vine
  • Ampelocissus acetosa, known as wild grape or djabaru
  • Ampelopsis glandulosa var. brevipedunculata, known as wild grape or porcelain berry
  • Anredera cordifolia
  • Antigonon, the coral vine
  • Antigonon leptopus, the confederate vine
  • Berchemia scandens, the rattan vine
  • Bignonia, the cross vine
  • Bougainvillea, a genus of thorny ornamental vines, bushes, and trees
  • Campsis, the trumpet vine
    • Campsis grandiflora, the Chinese trumpet vine
  • Cardiospermum halicacabum, the balloon vine
  • Celastrus, the staff vine
  • Ceropegia linearis, the rosary vine or sweetheart vine
  • Cissus antarctica, the kangaroo vine
  • Cissus hypoglauca, the water vine
  • Cucumis sativus, the cucumber
  • Cyphostemma juttae, known as wild grape
  • Fallopia baldschuanica, the Russian vine
  • Hedera helix, known as common ivy, English ivy, European ivy, or ivy
  • Kennedia coccinea,  the common coral vine
  • Lagenaria siceraria, known as the bottle gourd, calabash, opo squash, or long melon
  • Lathyrus odoratus, the sweet pea
  • Lonicera japonica, known as Suikazura or Japanese honeysuckle
  • Luffa, a genus of tropical and subtropical vines classified in the cucumber (Cucurbitaceae) family
  • Lygodium, a genus of about 40 species of ferns, known as climbing ferns
  • Momordica charantia, the bitter gourd
  • Mikania scandens, the hemp vine
  • Muehlenbeckia adpressa, the macquarie vine
  • Nepenthes, a genus of carnivorous plants known as tropical pitcher plants or monkey cups
  • Pandorea pandorana, the wonga wonga vine
  • Parthenocissus quinquefolia, known as the Virginia creeper, Victoria creeper, five-leaved ivy, or five-finger
  • Passiflora edulis, the passionfruit
  • Periploca graeca, the silk vine
  • Podranea ricasoliana, the pink trumpet vine
  • Pueraria lobata, the kudzu vine
  • Scindapsus pictus, the silver vine
  • Sechium edule, known as chayote, christophene, or several other names
  • Solandra, a genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family
  • Solanum laxum, the potato vine
  • Strongylodon macrobotrys, the jade vine
  • Syngonium, the goosefoot vine
    • Syngonium podophyllum, the arrowhead vine
  • Thunbergia grandiflora, known as the Bengal clock vine or blue trumpet vine
  • Thunbergia erecta,  the bush clock vine
  • Toxicodendron radicans,  known as poison ivy
  • Vitis, any of about sixty species of grape
  • Wisteria, a genus of flowering plants in the pea family

References

  1. ^ Brown, Lesley (1993). The New shorter Oxford English dictionary on historical principles. Oxford [Eng.]: Clarendon. ISBN 0-19-861271-0.
  2. ^ Jackson, Benjamin, Daydon; A Glossary of Botanic Terms with their Derivation and Accent; Published by Gerald Duckworth & Co. London, 4th ed 1928
  3. ^ Shorter Oxford English dictionary, 6th ed. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 2007. p. 3804. ISBN 0199206872.
  4. ^ "Creepers". mannuthynursery. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
  5. ^ Glimn-Lacy, Janice; Kaufman, Peter B. (2006). Botany Illustrated. Springer.
  6. ^ Gianoli, Ernesto (2004). "Evolution of a climbing habit promotes diversification in flowering plants". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 271 (1552): 2011–2015. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2827. PMC 1691831. PMID 15451690.
  7. ^ Francis E. Putz. "Vine Ecology". Retrieved 2012-03-01.
  8. ^ Alan Weakley Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States (2010) p661
  9. ^ "Japanese climbing fern". Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants. Retrieved 17 July2013.

External Links

  • The oldest vine in the world
  • Wikisource-logo.svg Beach, Chandler B., ed. (1914). "Twiner". The New Student's Reference Work. Chicago: F. E. Compton and Co.

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